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* * }} |capital = Burgos (1936–1939) Madrid (1939–1975) |national_motto = ''Una, Grande y Libre'' "One, Great and Free" |national_anthem = }} |common_languages = Spanish (official; sole legal language) |religion = Roman Catholicism |government_type = Autocratic single-party military dictatorship |title_leader = Caudillo (Head of State) |leader1 = Francisco Franco |year_leader1 = 1936–1975 |title_deputy = Prime Minister |deputy1 = Miguel Cabanellas (first) |year_deputy1 = 1936 |deputy2 = Francisco Franco |year_deputy2 = 1938–1973 |deputy3 = Carlos A. Navarro (last) |year_deputy3 = 1973–1975 |legislature = Cortes Españolas |era = Interwar period / Cold War |event_pre = Spanish Civil War |date_pre = 1936–1939 |event_start = Establishment |year_start = 1936 |date_start = 1 October |event1 = Republic exiled |date_event1 = 1 April 1939 |event2 = Law of Succession |date_event2 = 1947 |event3 = Ifni War |date_event3 = |event_end = Death of Franco |date_end = 20 November |year_end = 1975 |stat_year1 = 1940〔 ("Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940." ) INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.〕 |stat_area1 = 796030 |stat_pop1 = 25877971 |stat_year2 = 1975 |stat_area2 = 796030 |stat_pop2 = 35563535 |currency = Spanish peseta |footnotes = a. Formally, Franco was titled "Caudillo de España, Por la Gracia de Dios" and was ''de facto'' the leader of Spain. }} Francoist Spain (also historically known as Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War) refers to the period of Spanish history between 1939, when Francisco Franco took control of Spain from the government of the Second Spanish Republic after winning the Civil War, and 1978, when the Spanish Constitution of 1978 went into effect. During the Spanish Civil War, Franco's goal was to turn Spain into a totalitarian state like Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, though, after the defeat of the axis powers in the Second World War and the ensuing isolation of the country, it evolved into a more classical autocratic regime. The parts of Spain under control of the rebel forces during the period immediately before (1936–1939) are called Nationalist Spain. The Spanish Civil War started as a coup by the Spanish military on the peninsula (''peninsulares'') and in Spanish Morocco (''africanistas'') on July 17, 1936.〔Helen Graham, ''The Spanish Civil War: A Short Introduction'' (2005), p. 21〕 The coup had the support of most factions sympathetic to the right-wing cause in Spain including the majority of Spain's Catholic clergy, the fascist-inclined Falange, and the Alfonsine and Carlist monarchists. The coup escalated into a civil war lasting for three years once Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany agreed to support Franco, starting with airlifting of the ''africanistas'' onto the mainland.〔Graham (2005), p. 24〕 Other supporters included Portugal under António Salazar, while the presentation of the Civil War as a "crusade"〔Indalecio Prieto, ''Palabras al viento'', 2nd edn (Mexico City: Ediciones Oasis, 1969) pp. 247–8〕 or renewed ''reconquista''〔Eduardo González Calleja, "La violencia y sus discursos: los límites de la 'fascistización' de la derecha española durante el régimen de la II República", in ''Ayer. Revista de Historia Contemporánea'', No. 71, 2008, pp. 89–90〕〔Eduardo González Calleja, 'Aproximación a las subculturas violentas de las derechas españolas antirrepublicanas españolas (1931– 1936)', ''Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea'', No. 2, 2003, pp. 107–42〕〔Eduardo González Calleja, "The symbolism of violence during the Second Republic in Spain, 1931–1936", in Chris Ealham and Michael Richards, eds, ''The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936– 1939'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp. 23–44, 227–30〕 attracted the sympathy of Catholics internationally and the participation of Irish Catholic volunteers. Although the government of the United Kingdom was more sympathetic〔Paul Preston, ''The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in 20th century Spain'' (2012), p. 295〕〔Pablo de Azcárate, ''Mi embajada en Londres durante la guerra civil española'' (Barcelona: Ariel, 1976) pp. 26–7〕〔Winston S. Churchill, ''Step by Step'' (London: Odhams Press, 1939) pp. 54–7.〕 to the Francoists while the Popular Front government of France was anxious to support the Republic, both factions observed the non-intervention agreement of October 1936. The Second Spanish Republic was backed by the Stalinist Soviet Union and Mexico from December 1936. ==Establishment== On 1 October 1936 Franco was formally recognised as ''Caudillo'' for the Spanish ''patria''—the Spanish equvalent of the Italian ''duce'' and the German ''Führer''—by the National Defense Committee (''Junta de defensa nacional''), which governed the territories occupied by the Nationalists.〔Paul Preston, Chapter 6 "The Making of a Caudillo" in ''Franco: A Biography'' (1993), pp. 171–198〕 In April 1937 Franco assumed control of the Falange, then led by Manuel Hedilla, who had succeeded the founder José Antonio Primo de Rivera, executed in November 1936. He consolidated it along with the monarchist Carlists into what was known as the ''Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS'', the official party of the Francoists, referred to as the ''Movimiento'', especially in the later years of the regime.〔Preston (1993), Chapter 10. "The Making of a Dictator: Franco and the Unification April 1937", p. 248–274〕 The Falangists were concentrated at local government and grassroot level, entrusted with harnessing the Civil War's momentum of mass mobilisation through their auxiliaries and syndicates by collecting denunciations of enemy residents and recruiting workers into the syndicates.〔Peter Anderson, "Singling Out Victims: Denunciation and Collusion in the Post-Civil War Francoist Repression in Spain, 1939–1945" in ''European History Quarterly'' Vol. 39(1), p. 7–26〕〔Ángela Cenarro Lagunas, "HISTORIA Y MEMORIA DEL AUXILIO SOCIAL DE FALANGE" in ''Pliegos de Juste'' 11-12 (2010), p. 71–4〕 While there were prominent Falangists at a senior government level, especially before the late 1940s, there were higher concentrations of monarchists, military officials and other traditional conservative factions at those levels. However, the Falange remained the sole party throughout Franco's regime and its ideology, National Syndicalism, remained the official ideology of the State. The Francoists took control of Spain through a comprehensive and methodical war of attrition (''guerra de desgaste'') which involved the imprisonment and executions of Spaniards found guilty of supporting the values promoted (at least in theory) by the Republic: regional autonomy, liberal or social democracy, free elections, and women's rights, including the vote.〔Helen Graham, "The memory of murder: mass killing, incarceration and the making of Francoism" in ''War Memories, Memory Wars. Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Spain''〕〔Franco's description: "The work of pacification and moral redemption must necessarily be undertaken slowly and methodically, otherwise military occupation will serve no purpose". Roberto Cantalupo, ''Fu la Spagna: Ambasciata presso Franco: de la guerra civil'', Madrid, 1999: pp. 206–8.〕 The rightists considered these "enemy elements" to comprise an "anti-Spain" that was the product of Bolsheviks and a "Judeo-Masonic conspiracy", which had evolved after the ''reconquista'' ("reconquest") of (Christian) Spain from the Islamic Moors, a reconquista that had been declared formally over with the Alhambra Decree of 1492 expelling the Jews from Spain.〔Alejandro Quiroga, ''Making Spaniards'', p.58. Palgrave, 2007〕 At the end of the Spanish Civil War, according to the regime's own figures, there were more than 270,000 men and women held in prisons, and some 500,000 had fled into exile. Large numbers of those captured were returned to Spain or interned in Nazi concentration camps as ''stateless enemies''. Between six and seven thousand exiles from Spain died in Mauthausen. It has been estimated that more than 200,000 Spaniards died in the first years of the dictatorship, from 1940–42, as a result of political repression, hunger, and disease related to the conflict.〔''The Splintering of Spain'', pp. 2–3 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82178-0〕 The lowest estimates of the number of executions during the first five years after the war are of 50,000. Spain's strong ties with the Axis resulted in its international ostracism in the early years following World War II; Spain was not a founding member of the United Nations, and did not become a member until 1955.〔See Member states of the United Nations.〕 This changed with the Cold War that soon followed the end of hostilities in 1945, in the face of which Franco's strong anti-communism naturally tilted its regime to ally with the United States, and provided ideal ground for the continuation of Franco's anti-communist regime. Independent political parties and trade unions were banned throughout the duration of the dictatorship.〔''The Splintering of Spain'', p.4. Cambridge University Press〕 Nevertheless, once decrees for economic stabilisation were put forth by the late 1950s, opening the way for massive foreign investment – "a watershed in post-war economic, social and ideological ''normalisation'' leading to extraordinarily rapid economic growth" – that marked Spain's "participation in the Europe-wide post-war economic normality centred on mass consumption and consensus, in contrast to the concurrent reality of the Soviet bloc."〔''The Splintering of Spain'', p.7〕 On July 26, 1947 Spain was declared a kingdom, but no monarch was designated until 1969 with the designation by Franco of Juan Carlos de Borbón as his official heir-apparent as Head of state. Franco was to be succeeded by his Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco as head of government with the intention of continuing the Francoist regime, but those hopes ended with his 1973 assassination. With the death of Franco on 20 November 1975, Juan Carlos became the King of Spain. He initiated the country's subsequent transition to democracy, ending with Spain becoming a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Francoist Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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